Fire safety devices such as smoke alarms, fire detection systems, and sprinklers can reduce injury risk from fire events by up to 60%.¹

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OVERVIEW

Burns from hot surfaces and scalds from hot liquids are more common than any other types of thermal injury among young children. They occur more frequently in boys than girls, but all young children ages 0-4 years are at a higher risk than children ages 5 years and older, with the frequency of sustaining a burn decreasing with age.²

Infants up to 12 months-of-age tend to experience scalds from hot liquids inadvertently spilled onto their bodies by others, or from being bathed in water that is too hot. Children older than 12 months of age tend to experience scalds from spilling hot liquids onto themselves, such as those in mugs or pots, and sustain burns from touching hot objects, such as the stovetop or the glass front of a fireplace.

In 2023, fire/burn incidents ranked as the sixth highest in terms of costs among injury causes in BC. The total costs for these incidents amounted to $43 million, with $30 million in direct costs, such as health care expenses, and $13 million in indirect costs, including lost productivity.³

The kitchen is the most frequent place for burns and scalds to occur in young children. Risk factors include:

• Pot handles or hot beverages within reach of young children.
• Dangling appliance cords—children can pull down slow cookers or electric kettles
• Children climbing or sitting on countertops where they can reach hot beverages, cookware, or appliances.

Risk factors for burns or scalds occurring in the bathroom include:

• Hot water heater set to a temperature greater than 49 degrees Celsius (°C).
• Setting hot tap water to 49°C does not eliminate the risk of a scald, but it does increase the time it takes to scald a young child’s skin and can potentially reduce the severity of the scald.
• Bath water temperature being too hot.
• Child has access to hot water taps.
• Child has access to appliances such as hair straighteners or curlers.

Risk factors in other areas of the home include:

• Glass fronted fireplaces without barriers.
• Child has access to household appliances, such as irons, space heaters, and bottle warmers.

Young children are burned by a hot liquid 11 times more often than by flame.²

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PREVENTION

The prevention of burns and scalds among young children can be approached with both passive and active efforts. Passive prevention strategies are those that need to be put in place once only, while active strategies need to be employed each and every time.

Passive Prevention Strategies:

• Childproof bathroom doors.
• Place a gate or fence around older fireplaces or space heaters.
• Lower the hot water temperature to 49°C.
• Install external mixing valve taps to mix cold water with hot water.
• Install fire safety devices such as smoke alarms, fire detection systems, sprinklers (Note: these should be checked periodically to ensure they are working).

Active Prevention Strategies:

• Provide constant, close supervision.
• Use cups with lids or travel mugs for hot liquids.
• Turn pot handles inward on the stove and cook on the back elements whenever possible.
• Keep appliance cords out of reach and appliances away from table and counter edges.
• Check your child’s bath water with your elbow prior to placing them in the water.

Setting hot tap water to 49°C increases the time it takes to scald a young child. ⁴

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RESEARCH

Interventions for preventing residential fires in vulnerable neighbourhoods and Indigenous communities (2022)

Globally, residential fires constitute a substantial public health problem, causing major fire-related injury morbidity and mortality. This review examined the literature on residential fire prevention interventions relevant to Indigenous communities and assessed their effectiveness on mitigating fire incidents and their associated human and economic burden. This review was published in 2022.

The economics of burn injuries among young children (2021)

Children under the age of 5 years have the highest rate of hospitalization and mortality from burns. Studies of costs associated with pediatric burns have included a limited number of patients and focused on inpatient and complication costs, limiting our understanding of the full economic burden of pediatric burns. This study aimed to develop a costing model for burn injuries among children to estimate the economic burden of child burns in British Columbia. Results were published in 2021.

City of Surrey Collaboration (ongoing)

BCIRPU has partnered with the City of Surrey since 2017 on a diverse collection of projects, including occupational exposure to asbestos among civic workers, hospitalizations and deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning, electrical fires in residential homes, and firefighter occupational injuries and fatalities. Below is a selection of recent projects.

• Fire severity outcome comparison of apartment buildings constructed from combustible and non-combustible construction materials (2022; Publication and Technical Report)
• Interventions for preventing residential fires in vulnerable neighbourhoods and Indigenous communities: A systematic review of the literature (2021; Publication)
• Risk of non-medical drug overdose following prescription of opioids post-injury: A retrospective cohort study (2022; Publication)
• Female firefighter work-related injuries in the United States and Canada: An overview of survey responses (2022; Publication)
• Cancer in female firefighters: The clinicobiological, psychological, and social perspectives (2023; Publication)

FireSafe: Ignite Awareness, Extinguish Fires!

In response to the increasing number of fire-related injuries and deaths in British Columbia, BCIRPU has partnered with the BC Office of the Fire Commissioner in 2023 on a campaign to promote smoke alarm uptake and testing within the province. Working with The Community Against Preventable Injuries, this project is implementing a social marketing campaign in selected communities, promoting fire safety and proper smoke alarm use. The campaign ran in Fall 2023 and Spring 2024. Firefighters are also visiting households, providing fire safety information, checking smoke alarms, and installing new smoke alarms as needed, at no cost to the resident. The ultimate aim is to have a working smoke alarm in every home in BC. Learn more about this project.

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RESOURCES

• Injury Insight: The Cost of Burns Among Young Children (PDF) (February 2021)
• Injury Insight: Burns in Young Children (PDF) (December 2019)